Cellular Respiration Lab Essays - Plant Physiology,

Cell Respiration Lab Presentation This lab was done to decide the relationship of gas creation to breath rate. Justin Pyka and I did the lab on December twelfth, 2000 in Mr. Myers room. The lab was finished with torpid pea seeds and developing pea seeds. It was done to test the impact of temperature on the pace of cell breath in ungerminated as opposed to growing seeds. We needed to decide the adjustment in gas volume in respirometers. This was done to decide how much oxygen was devoured during the analysis. The respirometers contained either growing, or non-developing pea seeds. I believe that the growing seeds will have a higher oxygen utilization rate in a room temperature water shower than the non-sprouting seeds. My explanation behind this theory is that a torpid seed would not need to experience breath since it's anything but a plant yet. A developing seed would devour more oxygen since it is developing, and along these lines would need to expend oxygen by experiencing the procedure of cell breath. Strategies and Materials Materials: Glass Vials 1 mL Glass Pipette Tubes Elastic Stoppers 264 Germinating Pea Seeds 264 Dried Pea Seeds 100 mL Graduated Cylinder Glass Beads Spongy Cotton Strong KOH Dry Cotton 25 Degree C Distilled Water Bath 10 Degree C Distilled Water Bath Red Indicator (Safrin) Syringe With Needle on End Elastic Stoppers Strategies: See lab freebee for techniques for finishing the examination and recording the outcomes. Note: Two tests were accomplished for each progression. Results See diagrams for translation of results. In the room temperature water shower, the glass globules, and the dry pea seeds and glass dabs expended minimal measure of oxygen (see diagram 1). The sprouting pea seeds expended the most oxygen. They devoured very nearly three fold the amount of oxygen as the glass dabs alone, and the glass globules and dry pea seeds. As indicated by my outcomes, the vials containing the glass globules in the 10-degree C water shower devoured a lot of oxygen (see outline 2). The vials containing the dry seeds and glass dots had a similar outcome. I feel this is on the grounds that the gas in the vials cooled, and when it cooled, it occupied less room in the vial, along these lines pulling the marker down the respirometer tube, which would make it seem as though the substance in the vials expended a lot of oxygen. The sprouting seeds expended practically no oxygen all through the investigation in the 10-degree C water shower. I imagine this is on the grounds that when a life form chills off, the entirety of its cell capacities delayed down. Which implies that the developing seeds would hinder their breath rates in view of the colder temperature. The pointer remained at about a similar spot in the respirometer tube. That implies that the growing seeds were creating some gasses to balance the decrease in the space taken up by the gas in the vials brought about by the cooler temperature. End Subsequent to finishing this test, I have reached the decision that a developing seed of a plant expends more oxygen than a dry seed of a plant. At the point when the developing seed is chilled off be that as it may, the pace of oxygen utilization is decreased radically in light of the fact that the entirety of the phone forms are eased back down from the cooler environmental factors. I imagine that my speculation was right in light of the fact that my outcomes from the analysis show that the vials containing the developing seeds expended more oxygen in the room temperature water shower than different vials. This lab was a decent portrayal of what impacts temperature has on cell forms since it demonstrated that breath eased back down when the temperature was decreased, and breath expanded when the temperature expanded. Science Essays

Comparing Of The Main Heroes Of Driving Miss Daisy Essay

Looking at Of The Main Heroes Of Driving Miss Daisy - Essay Example Colburn goes to the light as Daisy’s escort following a driving disaster that renders her a prohibited customer to insurance agencies as confirmed by Hoke: â€Å"The truth is, you simply cost the insurance agency $2,700. You're a horrendous hazard. No one's going to give you an approach after this† (Backrags standard 6; Uhry 3). Albeit reluctant to get herself driven by an escort, Daisy bit by bit acknowledges Boogie in his ability as a driver. The narrative of Daisy, her little family, and her driver is punctuated with a great deal of similitudes and complexity to the extent that the characters and their qualities are concerned. The two primary characters in the plot Daisy and Colburn, especially show a great deal of complexity and likenesses. The paper will concentrate on the two characters considering the focal job that they play in the advancement of the plot. Character Backgrounds Mrs. Daisy Werthan is introduced as a resigned teacher â€Å"I showed probably the m ost moronic youngsters God at any point put on the essence of this world, and every one of them could peruse alright to discover a name on a tombstone† (BookRags standard 13). Having been a teacher, Daisy is introduced as an educated lady - somebody who should be decent in the public eye. Hoke Colburn, then again, goes to the scene as an African American who is unskilled meriting a modest life after his profession as a driver for a neighborhood judge closes. In the wake of meeting Daisy, Hoke gets the chance to gain from the old Widow how to peruse at 60 years old. While Daisy is an old Jewish widow as can be seen from Hoke’s explanation â€Å"Yassum. Mist’ Sig’s grave compelling very much tended. I trust you the best window in the territory of Georgia† (Fulton Theater 4), Hoke is of African forerunner and no so less of an elderly person. The story presents, along these lines, two characters from various universes as far as social foundations in spi te of the fact that having a typical point in that they are both old. Being non-whites when racial isolation is overflowing in the setting, the two characters observer a great deal of segregation as they approach their exercises. This is for all intents and purposes observed at the point in the plot where interstate patrolmen remark boisterously alluding to them as Old Jew Woman (for Daisy) and old Nigger (for Hoke) â€Å"[watching Daisy and Hoke leave in the wake of checking them out] An old nigger and an old Jew lady takin' off not far off together... that is one sorry sight!† (BookRags standard 3). Observations In a general public commanded by whites, Daisy and Hoke are introduced as pariahs in the general public. Hoke can't comprehend why her manager is so in reverse as not to comprehend the progressions that are clearing the social setting at that point. Mrs. Daisy, then again, neglects to value the motivation behind why Hoke’s individuals are so angry. Just when they are isolated by conditions do the two characters genuinely welcome that they are buddies and long-term related spirits. Specifically, this is seen when Daisy winds up limited to a home for the old while Hoke resigns from his work. Hoke is an individual who shows restraint, mindful, stately and lenient as can be seen from the manner in which he treats his boss, Daisy. He doesn't dread to let some circulation into his perspectives consciously and in a quiet manner at whatever point he has a point to state. Moreover, He represents his privileges at whatever point he feels that his privileges are in question. Then again, Daisy is obviously biased, in spite of the fact that this comes to change with time as she keeps on interfacing with Hoke.

Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Social Class Essay - 2475 Words

Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Social Class (Essay Sample) Content: Portfolio AssignmentNameTutorInstitutionDate Race, ethnicity and gender are normally highly and intensely correlated to social class. The feeling has led to the eruption of multiple theories especially in the sociology that elaborates on class, ethnicity, and gender units. Selection of an appropriate theory is highly relevant to developing clear elaborations on this model of sociology. Relevance of gender in the evaluation and analysis is highly vital in enabling the social class differences that are highly notable in the current American systems. Consideration of the essence of the religious contribution in the construction of the social issue factor is equally vital.The people in power have also been active in inclining or subverting the discrimination factors that are notable in terms of race, ethnicity and gender and influencing of the assimilation process (Healey, 2012). In general the social class subdivision in the American society is derived from the small dif ferentiating element such as race, ethnicity and gender. The elements are also used by people aspiring to climbs certain ladders in political or financial realms. Leaders in the past have utilized such ladders to climb or us the majority population of American to achieve certain desired criteria. American social class is majorly segmented into three main domains having the high class, medium and low class. Low-class people are mainly African Americans, who have been consistently denied a chance to grow in terms of education, skills or job wise.Consistent with (Barak, Leighton Flavin, 2010), the application Marxist Theory regarding racism and racial inequality written by Peter Bohmer is highly elaborative in highlighting the great essence of racial or ethnical discrimination in the American setting. According to Bohmer, intensive racism well directed to the African-Americans and other people from minority races. The element of racism has been a central cause of intensive debating. T he current impacts of racial discrimination are notable in terms visualizing the inherent African American statistics. There are huge variations in the infant mortality rates and subsequent life expectancies or even unemployment statistics on African American people. The main tribulations have been extended to other factors like poverty rates or levels and disparity in household incomes, and extended experienced in the stereotypes in the mass media segments. The main segments illustrate the remains of racism or even attached racial and ethnical inequality that continues to affect the American society.The theory notes that racial discrimination is majorly used in terms of the economic basis to neglect certain sector of the population in availing opportunities. The progression of such systems cripples equal socio-economic growth for African-American and minority groups. The absence of prosperity pushes them to the endpoint neglect and reduction of competitive basis. According Bohmer, Marxist theory mainly acknowledges that racism is mainly potential in serving the interests of segmented capitalist section of the society. The theory acknowledges the huge injustices undertaken while dividing and segregating the black and white workers at workplaces. This act highly reduces their impact as they should combine and create unit that presents their petitions and grievances as workers. Such unity would highly result in enhanced bargaining power that creates a big worry to the capitalist. The extremes noted by the theory are that it is very notable in the eventual segmentation of labor markets (Healey, 2012).According to (Barak, Leighton Flavin, 2010), a great deal of social analysis that mainly entrenches on the injustices or even subsequent inequalities in U.S. people or society has been always been acted upon by varying ideologies that attach to Karl Marx theory. The Marxist traditions and findings are hence every instrumental in analyzing the impacts of the current scenario. According to Marxism, there is a notable and comprehensive perception that capitalism is normally an economic system that cherishes only two main classes of any society. The two groups are mainly capitalist and workers. The capitalist control, regulates and invests in the varying means of production, capital and they recurrently portray the urge to highly increase or augment the profits. On contrary, there is a working class that mainly constitutes largely huge chunk of the population well entrenched in the ability of selling of the power or even capacity at work only to get return in terms of wages. In the end, profits emerge hugely from paying the employees less money than they deserve or as compared to the value addition they made. According to Marx, this act is highly preferable as exploitation. Such relations between capitalists and worker are typical with intensive causes of conflict (Healey, 2012). Workers are hugely embroiled in the strong push to have their wage r ates elevated and advancement or improvement in the working conditions.Employers in contrary try to create an obstacle in the wage increment process on the rates of work done in a unit time. In most scenarios, the employers normally have an advantage since they have the authority to fire or hire. According to Marxist mode of thinking exploitation, can only be dropped in case the working class overthrows the capitalism. According to Marxist workers, are mainly left with few opportunities of raising their economic potential through formation of unions and organizations to fight for them. Any contemporary disunity or fight back amongst the workers creates a weaker approach or structure that can be exploited by the employer to challenge them. The strong insight is highly inherent in Marxist analysis of benefits of racism that heavily dwells on the huge attempts by the capitalists to subdivide racially the black and white workers. Marxist theory notes the emotional or psychological attac hed to the primary identification of white workers as whites. Such clear, distinctions place the whites in different level making them appear as different workers as compared to blacks. Such motives aim at divide and rule as it creates a divide in the workforce.The two segments cannot fight for their rights equally. It furthers presents a mixed up with two systems fighting differing goals from a common employer. The most important assurance in ending the racial exploitation is mainly through the creation of an interracial working class in US. The typical features of racism mainly appear with the aim of creating a defined or systematic oppression of people of African-Americans or even other minority group people. The oppression bases on the ideology that white have supremacy as compared to the blacks who are hugely considered inferior. The two main aspects of racism that have been in place since 1600s have always shaped U.S community and society to the present (Dill Zambrana, 2009). Historically, the barbarism of slavery reduced into racial discrimination (less lethal) owing to the great contribution of various leaders who led US at a point in history. The struggle is still on until equality in the labor markets is met so as to expand the viability of the minority in the America setting. Slavery increased due to demands for growing materials like cottons, food, beverages, and tobacco to the Western Europe and the British colonies that were expanding capitalists. Provision of cheap labor was of great importance to such systems. The fall of the system created a relatively lenient slavery model referred to racial discrimination. A system that deterred minority groups from exposure to paying labor levels in the job settings (Dill Zambrana, 2009).Gender inequality is equally entailed by the capitalist to oppress the women in the social class especially those women with ambitions of achieving higher scales in their profession. Women who work with equal or even with more enthusiasm and devotion are denied their equal chances of climbing upper on the ladder. The system creates a de-motivating factor amongst the women as it does provide the same playground for job growth and enhancement especially with reference to some kind jobs that are highly inflexible. The stigmatizing component of the system is that it ties the women to long-term inequality. Women are equally compelled with extremes rules and regulations that impeded the social functions and roles at the household level. Strict rules are eminent in the women working environment that wholly inhibits their contribution to the household chores expected in the society. Women biologically or naturally are exposed to limiting factors like pregnancy periods, childcare, and household level activities that undermine their ability to optimally be productive in an employment. The capitalist exploit this disadvantage to benefit themselves and deny the women crucial roles and offices in the employment ( Arrighi et al., 2007).Women have always fought for being accorded equality, same opportunities and respect in the contemporary society and workplace. They have continuously shown that they have caught up with counterparts, the men basing on education, skills, and other factors. According to the current statistics women in the US, have surpassed men in terms of educational excellence and achievement. With regards to such foundation, there is no need or huge urge for the opposing or contesting the women equality or female achievements. While young adult women are privy to the essence of balancing the household chores and family roles while undertaking work roles. They fight for inclusive consideration of the newly redefined policies aiming at increasing the contribution of women to their productivity. Women have intensely shown huge capacity in undertaking roles in the jobs earlier thought to be designed for men. Such jobs mainly included the ...

Critique Of The Biggest Loser Diet - 943 Words

The first diet I chose to describe and critique is â€Å"The Biggest Loser Diet.† After the American reality TV series The Biggest Loser premiered on NBC back on October 19, 2004, this diet became an overnight sensation. The most popular Biggest Loser Diet is the 6-week weight loss plan, which falls at a medium level when referring to the level of effort. But there is also the 2009 â€Å"30-Day Jump Start† program as well as the most recent â€Å"The Biggest Loser: The Weight Loss Program to Transform Your Body, Health and Life† which was released back in 2013 (Health.usnews.com, 2015). As with any plan, this program (6-week weight loss) requires an immense amount of dedication, exercise, and healthy eating. Individuals will be eating a wide variety of foods from all food groups. Losing weight lessens your risk of type two diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, and even certain cancers. â€Å"The Biggest Loser Diet is based on a 4-3-2-1 Pyramid: f our servings of fruits and vegetables, three servings of lean protein, two servings of whole grains, and 200 calories of extras† (WebMD, 2015). Specifically, foods that are high in fiber and low in saturated fat and salt. This allows the individual to be fuller for longer. It is a known fact that eating five to six appropriately portioned meals and snacks will help keep your blood sugar down and your hunger content (WebMD, 2015). Filling up on fruits and vegetables is highly encouraged. Individuals may also want to note daily in aShow MoreRelatedAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pagesafter one single guy. I mean: why the hell did he buy me then? No one pays that kind of money just to strangle me as a player. 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Summary Of The Snake In Book Two Of The Aeneids - 1373 Words

At first, it seems odd to compare a snake to a fire. One lives among us, but the other is never actually living. However, taking a different perspective, a person might notice that the two hiss, creep, and have wavering tongues. Virgil makes use of this comparison extensively throughout Book Two of The Aeneid. The brutality of the attackers, their deception, and the fires which complete their task are repeatedly linked to the action of the snake. The snake attacks from hiding, as did the Greeks from the â€Å"womb† of the Trojan horse. Subsequently, brutality as an attribute of the snake is imposed on the scholars consciousness in Book Two of The Aeneid through the account of the destiny of Laocoon and his two sons. Hence, the snake is an†¦show more content†¦They’re real, and they’re dangerous. Nonetheless, if you look deeper, you’ll see that they are something more. They prophesize the downfall of Troy as a whole. The snakes come from Tenedos, which is also where the Greeks are supposedly hiding. And, obviously, they take out a man who otherwise would’ve prevented the Trojan horse from invading into Trojan territory. â€Å"Over the calm deep straits of Tenedos swim Twin, giant serpents, rearing in coils, breasting the seaswell†¦ First each serpent seizes one of his small young sons, Constricting, twisting around him, sinks its fangs in The tortured limbs, and gorges. Next Laocoon rushing to the rescue, clutching his sword— They trap him, bind him in huge muscular whorls, Their scaly backs lashing around his midriff twice And twice around his throat—their heads, their flaring necks mounting over their victim writhing still†¦ his horrible screaming fills the skies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (262-282) This horrifying image carries all the power of the destruction of Troy. These lines foretell not only the presence of the Greek formation (the fact that they arrived from Tenedos), but the assault (the murders), the Trojan defense, the murder of Polites and Priam (the son first and the father last), and the fires which rise above blazing Troy (their flaring necks and the screams that fill the skies). They display the destruction of Troy as the life of the snake. In a passage similar to the one referring to the death of Laocoon, we meet the first Greek

Leading and Managing Organizational for Woolworths- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeading and Managing Organizational Changefor Woolworths. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this assignment is giving personal reflection and review of change management. The essay gives my self-evaluation of my experience gained during my internship program at Woolworths company (Humayun, 2016). I found that leading and managing organizational change is a critical field that helps personnel understand the importance of change within an organization and the approaches management can take to ensure its success. What Happened My attachment was full of great transition as a learner of leadership and management concepts and this greatly influenced my professional and personal life perspective. The work environment at Woolworths was very conducive and friendly, and this made me enjoy all my duties and responsibilities as instructed by the senior management. My interaction with a diverse workforce, both permanent and casual brought a significant impact to my professional aspirations. My attachment at Woolworths helped me in every leadership and management aspect. The management employed trait theory of management when implementing change by considering the skills, capabilities, and knowledge of every intern before doing interdepartmental transfers. I understand the practicability and applicability of change principles, change implementation methods, the challenges faced during change management, and the strategies of controlling change challenges (Benn, Dunphy, Griffiths, 2014). This experience helped me develop my self-evaluation analysis abilities, and this contributed to my success in the professional life. During the four-month internship program at Woolworths, many things happened. We were offered the chance to work with multicultural and diverse members of the team. Everyone enjoyed the principles used by the management in leading the group activities. The company employed change management agents who supervised our group activities in the sale of retail stocks (Wagner Hollenbeck, 2014). The emphasis on excellent communication skills was key. I learned that communication plays a significant role in change management by eliminating all possibilities of conflict. This opportunity to work with diverse people enhanced my abilities and acknowledgment of the impact of group members in the group. The contingency theory approach was highly recognized since no individual skill was valued singly. Also, the company organized for our conferences and workshop programs where we learned various skills of leadership and management change within an organization. These meetings gave us an opportunity to benchmark with interns from other companies such as Wesfarmers, Target, and others (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2015). I gained a lot from these events for I was able to exchange views on what our company does with my colleagues from other businesses. Again, I learned how change management impacts positively to interns creativeness and innovation of new ideas for the enterprise. I learned the importance of theory X and theory Y in leadership by realizing that change management is influenced by managers believes and trust about a workers attitudes. As a result, our team managers had to convince Woolworths management that as interns we need some little compensation for motivation and commitment to the firm's retail processes. Events Interpretation Attending conferences, seminars, and workshops were imperative to my professionalism as an aspiring project manager. I learned reasonable content relevant to my profession for I had an opportunity to interact with different industry experts and colleagues from other firms. I found out that every team member's idea, opinion, and contribution to organizational processes is significant for proper decision making. I learned a lot about leading and managing organizational change and the best strategies adopted by project managers. Project managers first understand the skills, abilities, and passion of employees before bringing in changes. Again, I learned that different organizations employ different management theories, concepts, and philosophies when implementing change processes in their operations. I gained a lot from the ideas and thoughts shared by various experts as well as my fellow interns on how to learn, network, and create content that appeals and conforms to the organizational objectives. Again, Woolworths ability to recruit interns from diverse cultures, origins, beliefs, and races was very helpful to me. I learned that most organizations value cultural diversity and that diversity in work means professionalism. I noted that diversity in work is an essential change management success. Workplace diversity benefits both the interns, employees and the management of a company. I realized that diversity is an essential tool to conflict resolution since each trainee, employee, or the management itself learns to acknowledge other's differences and their similarities hence leading to shared goals achievement. Also, I discovered that workplace diversity creates mutual respect among the interns/employees whether as a group or company. The trait theory plays a critical role in workplace diversity since every employee has his or her strengths and weaknesses and need to get tolerated. Further, leading and managing organizational change in a diverse manner improves the business reputation to the public and hence making it easy to implement change management. Lastly, I have learned from my experience that business reputation flourishes only when a company exercises workplace diversity especially in the recruitment of employees. Effectiveness and Usefulness of the Experience My internship program was very efficient and useful to my knowledge as an aspiring project manager. Again, the experience I gained at Woolworths is beneficial to my personal life as well. First and foremost, the experience developed my self-analysis capabilities of how I can establish and implement plans in my personal and professional life so as to implement the right changes when I become a manager in future. The chance granted to me by the company to benchmark with other interns in workshops and conferences helped me enhance the abilities to interact and recognize other peoples ideas and consider them as equally important to decision making in a firm when it comes to leading and managing organizational change (DuBrin, 2013). It was also useful to me to learn and acknowledge the importance of work distribution among other group members and this has prepared me psychologically to work with all firm employees in the event when I become a manager. I realized that work distribution and togetherness reduces workload in a given department. Another usefulness of the experiences I gained from the internship program is the ability to solve group conflicts and first understand the source of the problem before intervening. In leadership and organizational change management, there is need for peace and harmony in the work group. I also benefited from being tasked with leadership responsibilities and increased responsibilities where the management made me the team leader. I enjoyed the virtue of leading and managing work team, and this provided me with a great edge to be a leader. Further, the experiences I gained at Woolworths made me upgrade my curriculum vitae and enhance my application forms and interviews. Professionally, I learned how to brand myself different from other people and make myself more presentable in employment opportunities. Personally, I learned the importance of timekeeping since the company was very strict on the reporting time as well as project timeframes. Plan of How I will Use this Information As an aspiring project manager, this means I am a management student. The information and experiences I gained from the four-month internship at Woolworths will serve me in my course, program, future, and personal life generally in various ways. The central importance of internship and attachment program for students is assisting their professional and personal lives in future. In future, I aspire to be a successful project manager when it comes to change management. From the experiences I have learned in my internship, I would value workplace diversity in the workplace given its numerous benefits to organizational success. As a manager, I will assess trait theory when assigning duties and responsibilities to the workers. I have understood that different people are talented, skilled, and expertise differently and this knowledge would be my reference to when implementing change management in a firm (Hayes, 2014). I look forward to recruiting employees from different cultural diversity, gender, and professionalism. This is because I have learned that leadership and management change requires different skills in the firms and this is only achievable by recruitment of diverse workforce. I look forward to being a successful manager and sponsoring professional development of my employees as well as interns. Being an optimist, I believe on my mandate as a company director, I will fund intern workshop programs for them to benchmark with interns from other company. Further, I will ensure that the ideas the interns learn and gain from the conferences are integrated into the current organizational strategies and measure the value of their input to organizational success (Peterson Dover, 2014). From my experience, I was motivated when the change manager collected our workshop reports and put into consideration our ideas when implementing changes within the organization. This hence will be subject to my leadership as a motivating tool to the interns to make them feel valued and treasured within the workplace. During my internship program at Woolworths, we were not compensated, the program was purely voluntary. This to some extend demotivated our efforts, commitment, and dedicated to serving the retail supermarket optimally. I was surprised during the benchmarking program to note that other interns from other companies like Wesfarmers get some little compensation to their work. The approach my Woolworths on interns lack of payment did not please me (Ausker Rothman, 2015). This, therefore, makes me feel that in future when I become a manager, I would ensure that all people in attachment and internship programs are given some little compensation to motivate them while in the workplace. I am looking forward to getting a permanent full-time job after graduation so that I may grow professionally and form a solid foundation of personal life growth. Conclusion In conclusion, leadership and management theories play significant roles by helping managers to formulate change management policies that align with organizational goals. For change management to succeed, the managers must put into use the trait, situation, and contingency theories into practice. Management concepts and principles have helped companies succeed and remain competitive in the business environment. References Ausker, R., Rothman, T. (2015). Researching the Effectiveness of Skills Development Programmes: Methodological difficulties and recommendations. Bay, U., Macfarlane, S. (2011). Teaching critical reflection: a tool for transformative learning in social work?.Social Work Education,30(7), 745-758. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Clegg, S. R., Kornberger, M., Pitsis, T. (2015).Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. DuBrin, A. J. (2013).Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Hayes, J. (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Humayun, S. H. (2016). Merchandising operation of Woolworths Global Sourcing. Peterson, R. M., Dover, H. F. (2014). Building student networks with LinkedIn: The potential for connections, internships, and jobs.Marketing Education Review,24(1), 1 5-20. Wagner III, J. A., Hollenbeck, J. R. (2014).Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge..

Internal and external environmental analysis for Apple Inc Essay Example

Internal and external environmental analysis for Apple Inc Paper Apple has been very successful in the utilization of innovation to manufacture differentiated products which have created a competitive advantage to other companies in the market. The company has acquired more benefits from the sale of its products, for example, iPod Music player has been favored by many customers in the market. In June 2005 the company reported profits of $320 in the second quarter of that year. The brands of the company have been very competitive in the market. The Macintosh computers increased the sales of the company due to the acceptance by a large number of people. The notebooks have captured a great portion of the global markets. The income of the company has increased after the adoption of product differentiation strategies. The company has a strong team of researchers who conduct continuous research about the products and market behavior. The company has been identified to promote high customer loyalty in the global market and this has created a lot of threat to the existing companies in the market. The management of the company has encouraged the use of leadership within the workplace. This strategy has influenced the employees to contribute willingly to the goals and objectives of the company (Marketing Teacher Ltd 2010). Steve Jobs has been very good in developing strategies which relate to the current market issues. The company has well developed structures which provide the employees with all resources to manufacture excellent products. The resources of the company are adequate enough to produce competitive products. However, apple has encountered stiff competition from the competitors such as Microsoft which has a wealth of resources compared to Apple. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal and external environmental analysis for Apple Inc specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Internal and external environmental analysis for Apple Inc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Internal and external environmental analysis for Apple Inc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is increasing threat for the break of copyrights laws and Apple may suffer a lot from the criminal activities which promote the misuse of other people’s products for their own benefits. The culture of the company has been very strong in the maintenance of a strong market position in the global markets. A culture of risk taking, leadership, team work and others has been inculcated by the top management. The company has experienced very low employee turnover due to the proper human resource management strategies which have been developed. The goals of the company are very clear and all the stakeholders are aware of the direction in which the company is headed for (Adam 2009). External analysis The leadership of Steve Jobs has been very good; however, he has failed when establishing some strategies. For example, the creation of retail stores was done abruptly without consultation of all the stakeholders in the company. This resulted in failure of some retail stores after some employees felt that the strategies were not owned by the junior employees but the top management. Steve Jobs has been very ill and the management of the company has been delegated to Tim Cook. Steve has a long history of the company and understands the management of all the resources since he has been working with the company since it was founded. The election of Tim Cook has created a great threat to the efficient management of the company and the good performance that was being experienced there before might not be registered after a short time (Marketing Teacher Ltd 2010). The globalization of the markets has created more opportunities for Apple Inc. The company can market its products in many countries. The management has maintained a good relationship with the governments in the countries where it operates. The economic turbulence in the global markets has affected the activities of the company. The global meltdown experienced by economies in the recent past affected the performance of the company. The company experienced a decline in the sales made by all its subsidiaries worldwide. The changing lifestyles have encouraged the use of computers. Many people have adopted the use of computers in their homes or at work. This provides more opportunities to the company. Social cultural factors have always favored the company since people are shifting their demand towards the use of the electronic products; both in developed and developing countries (Adam 2009). The forces and trends that must be taken into consideration while developing a strategic plan Strategic plans are the policies that a company develops to achieve specific objectives. The management must consider the influence of politics, social cultural factors, and legal, economic and other external environment factors. The policies must align with the prevailing conditions in the market. Internal factors to the organization must be assessed to ensure all stakeholders are satisfied and they agree with the strategies. All the stakeholders must be involved in the decision making process to ensure the decisions are accepted by all people. Strategic plans are developed for the welfare of all stakeholders and they should be used to add value. The management of the company should collect ideas from all the internal and external partners when making decisions of the company. Analysis of the company’s plans should be done by a team of experts who have a good understanding of all the processes of the company.

The Ancient Maya and Human Sacrifice

The Ancient Maya and Human Sacrifice For a long time, it was commonly held by Mayanist experts that the â€Å"pacific† Maya of Central America and southern Mexico did not practice human sacrifice. However, as more images and glyphs have come to light and been translated, it appears that the Maya frequently practiced human sacrifice in religious and political contexts. Maya Civilization The Maya civilization flourished in the rain forests and misty jungles of Central America and southern Mexico ca. B.C.E. 300 to 1520 C.E. The civilization peaked around 800 C.E. and mysteriously collapsed not long after. It survived into what is called the Maya Postclassic Period, and the center of Maya culture moved to the Yucatan Peninsula. Maya culture still existed when the Spanish arrived around 1524 C.E.; conquistador Pedro de Alvarado brought down the largest of the Maya city-states for the Spanish Crown. Even at its height, the Maya Empire was never unified politically. Instead, it was a series of powerful, warring city-states who shared language, religion, and other cultural characteristics. Modern Conception of the Maya Early scholars who studied the Maya believed them to be pacifists who rarely warred among themselves. These scholars were impressed by the intellectual achievements of the culture, which included extensive trade routes, a written language, advanced astronomy and mathematics, and an impressively accurate calendar. Recent research, however, shows that the Maya were, in fact, a tough, warlike people who frequently warred among themselves. It is quite likely that this constant warfare was an important factor in their sudden and mysterious decline. It is also now evident that, like their later neighbors the Aztecs, the Maya regularly practiced human sacrifice. Beheading and Disemboweling Far to the north, the Aztecs would become famous for holding their victims down on top of temples and cutting out their hearts, offering the still-beating organs to their gods. The Maya cut the hearts out of their victims, too, as can be seen in certain images surviving at the Piedras Negras historical site. However, it was much more common for them to decapitate or disembowel their sacrificial victims, or else tie them up and push them down the stone stairs of their temples. The methods had much to do with who was being sacrificed and for what purpose. Prisoners of war were usually disemboweled. When the sacrifice was religiously linked to the ball game, the prisoners were more likely to be decapitated or pushed down the stairs. Meaning of Human Sacrifice To the Maya, death and sacrifice were spiritually linked to the concepts of creation and rebirth. In the Popol Vuh, the sacred book of the Maya, the hero twins Hunahpà º and Xbalanque must journey to the underworld (i.e. die) before they can be reborn into the world above. In another section of the same book, the god Tohil asks for human sacrifice in exchange for fire. A series of glyphs deciphered at the Yaxchiln archaeological site links the concept of beheading to the notion of creation or awakening. Sacrifices often marked the beginning of a new era: this could be the ascension of a new king or the beginning of a new calendar cycle. These sacrifices, meant to aid in the rebirth and renewal of the harvest and life cycles, were often carried out by priests and/or nobles, especially the king. Children were sometimes used as sacrificial victims at such times. Sacrifice and the Ball Game For the Maya, human sacrifices were associated with the  ball game. The game, in which a hard rubber ball was knocked around by players mostly using their hips, often had religious, symbolic or spiritual meaning. Maya images show a clear connection between the ball and decapitated heads: the balls were even sometimes made from skulls. Sometimes, a ballgame would be a sort of continuation of a victorious battle. Captive warriors from the vanquished tribe or city-state would be forced to play and then sacrificed ​afterwards. A famous image carved in stone at Chichà ©n Itz shows a victorious ballplayer holding aloft the decapitated head of the opposing team leader. Politics and Human Sacrifice Captive kings and rulers were often highly prized sacrifices. In another carving from Yaxchiln, a local ruler, â€Å"Bird Jaguar IV,† plays the ball game in full gear while â€Å"Black Deer,† a captured rival chieftain, bounces down a nearby stairway in the form of a ball. It is likely that the captive was sacrificed by being tied up and pushed down the stairs of a temple as part of a ceremony involving the ball game. In 738 C.E., a war party from Quirigu captured the king of rival city-state Copn: the captive king was ritually sacrificed. Ritual Bloodletting Another aspect of Maya blood sacrifice involved ritual bloodletting. In the Popol Vuh, the first Maya pierced their skin to offer blood to the gods Tohil, Avilix, and Hacavitz. Maya kings and lords would pierce their flesh- generally genitals, lips, ears, or tongues- with sharp objects such as stingray spines. Such spines are often found in tombs of Maya royalty. Maya nobles were considered semi-divine, and the blood of kings was an important part of certain Maya rituals, often those involving agriculture. Not only male nobles but females as well took part in ritual bloodletting. Royal blood offerings were smeared on idols or dripped onto bark paper which was then burned: the rising smoke could open a gateway of sorts between the worlds. Resources and Further Reading McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. New York: Norton, 2004.Miller, Mary and Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. New York: Thames Hudson, 1993.Recinos, Adrian (translator). Popol Vuh: the Sacred Text of the Ancient Quichà © Maya. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1950.Stuart, David. (translated by Elisa Ramirez). La ideologà ­a del sacrificio entre los Mayas. Arqueologia Mexicana vol. XI, Num. 63 (Sept.-Oct. 2003) p. 24-29.

Algorithm design as it relates to time complexity problems like Research Paper

Algorithm design as it relates to time complexity problems like reducing fractions without using the euclidean algorithm for GCD - Research Paper Example The main difference of Algorithms both circuit implementation, testing and results expected. Modern processors that perform calculations need Algorithm design for present and future programmers. The paper also explains some key terms as used in the text in relation to computer design. It covers the need to maintain optimal code for future programmers due to complexity of testing circuits. Key words: Euclid’s Algorithm, Stein’s Algorithm, Built-In-Self-Test and Linear Feedback Shift Register. Algorithm Design Review of steps involved in solving time complexity problems 1. Euclidean algorithm Euclidean algorithm is an ancient efficient method used in computing the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers. The simplest Euclid’s algorithm starts with two positive integers. This then form a new pair that consists of the smaller number and the difference between the smaller and larger numbers. The process repeats until the numbers are equal. The resultant number t hen is the greatest common divisor of the original two integers. Euclid algorithm is described as GCD(a, 0) = a GCD(a, b) = GCD(b, a mod b) If and b>0, then GCD(a, a) = a GCD(a, b) = GCD(a - b, b) ; if b < a GCD(a, b) = GCD(a, b - a) ; if a < b For example, GCD(20, 0) is 20. Similarly, GCD(20, 10) is same as GCD((20-10), 10) = GCD(10, 10) = 10. 2. Stein’s Algorithm This algorithm is also a binary GCD algorithm. It computes the greatest common divisor of two nonnegative integers (Purdy, 1983). It is more efficient over the ancient Euclidean algorithm because it replaces multiplication and divisions with shifts, which are cheaper when operating on the binary representation used by modern computers. This is critical on embedded platforms available that do not have direct processor support for calculations of division. Stein’s algorithm is described as GCD(0, v) = v GCD(u, 0) = u GCD(0, 0) = 0 When v and u are even, then GCD(u, v) = 2.GCD(u/2, v/2) For an even u and an odd v, then GCD(u, v) = GCD(u/2 v) Similarly, if v is even and u is odd, then GCD(u, v) = GCD(u, v/2) In case, v and u are both odd, and if u ? v, then GCD(u, v) = GCD((u – v)/2, v) In case, both are odd, and u < v, then GCD(u, v) = GCD((v – u)/2, u) When initially solving a problem, how might one detect that a solution needs extra attention with respect to an efficient algorithm vs standard solutions where a highly efficient solution may be indistinguishable from an inefficient one? Identification of a problem is the first step towards solving a given mathematical equation. It involves examining for complexity to be able to simplify before any other complex operations take place. Time requirements spell complexity and attention are hence worth considering. Built-In Self Test (BIST) Modern computers have a built in IC for testing. This technique integrates the functionality of an automated test system within a chip. It is a Design where testing is accomplished by the help of built in hardware features. BIST has test controller, response verification and test generator. Test generator is responsible for generating test address sequence that compares the output from memory with the expected correct data. The BIST controller can be either hardwired logic, microcode controller or based on processor (Rekha Devi, 2011). Specifically discuss the potential tradeoff between an easy to understand inefficient solution vs a difficult to follow efficient solution. By employing Linear Feedback Shift

Predictably Irrational Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Predictably Irrational - Research Paper Example As a philosophical example, one could agree that there are many religions. Most all of them profess faith in God or a god, and yet none of them can completely agree on a universal doctrine which clearly expresses shared values. If that is not an example of people being predictably irrational, there are certainly more examples to follow. However, that is just an idea to illustrate the point that there can be many different viewpoints, but only one truth viewed from multiple avenues. These truths certainly stem from pluralism, as, we live in a pluralistic society to be sure in the 21st century all around the globe. Also, the fact that Cartesian dualism plays a major role in making this cliche of â€Å"predictably irrational† a phrase which some people may regard with diffidence—one naturally distrusts conflicting ontological meanings, when they can coexist together as a phrase and make sense. II. Thesis (90 words) No doubt, it is difficult to accurately pinpoint this seem ingly cliche phrase describing someone who is predictably irrational. Although somewhat of an unusual phrase, one person can completely be irrational as well as predictably so. This extended definition, if you will, is going to be broken up into manageable sections t oread. Predictable irrationality will be proven by: giving an extended definition of predictability; what predictability is not; what irrationality is; what an extended definition of rationality is; and, finally, what is the definition of someone who is predictably irrational. III. The Nature of Predictability Part I (115 words) To introduce the idea of predictability, predictability is usually the assumption that a pattern is set. People count on predictability—the prediction that the stock market will rise, that the sun will rise in the east and set in the west, and that they will have three square meals per day. Predictability governs the land. Schedules, timetables, and clocks dictate where we are and what we do, most of the time. Predictability itself is cliche. â€Å"[W]e might adjust our definition and instead term cliche a predictable or unoriginal turn of phrase or action.†1 This is why predictability would fit in so well with the idea of irrationality—but more on that point later soon ahead. IV. The Nature of Predictability Part II (85 words) Another issue that concerns predictability is that something or someone predictable is never vague or indeterminate. â€Å"The existence of widespread predictability is a potential embarrassment to claims of radical indeterminacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2 Thus, the very nature of predictability is one’s ability to describe what is going to happen when. Predictability directly contradicts unpredictability precisely because of the fact that it leads to concrete evidence of forming types of patterns. When something is unpredictable, it has the tendency to be vague. This leads us to our next point. V. The Nature of Unpredictability (10 0 words) Unpredictability is, by its very nature, in contra of predictability. However, by studying what unpredictability is, we can find out more about predictability. Unpredictability is precluded by the inability to be predictable. Thus, surprises become commonplace. There are no patterns, everything is in flux, constantly. Now, if everything was that unpredictable in the world, think about how horrible

Appraisal of Laura Poppo and Todd Zenger Article

Appraisal of Laura Poppo and Todd Zenger - Article Example The paper introduces one means by which other factors to a company’s transaction cost economics (TCE) in addition to the widely recognized and tested boundary choice theory might be measured in the information services field. After explaining the concepts involved with efficiency models based on boundary choice, the authors reveal the weaknesses introduced in the results of these models as a result of an inability to test for performance-level data. By testing the influence of exchange attributes on the performance levels of markets and firms independently, the authors are able to incorporate production and governance efficiency within their models. The literature review, presented in conjunction with the development of the various hypotheses to be tested, is well-rounded, examining various aspects of the theories that have presented, including their strengths and weaknesses. This provides a very informative background introduction to the subject as well as establishes how the various hypotheses were developed. The sample selected for the study is similarly based upon the work of previous scholars, concentrating on the same group of professionals as being the most involved with the factors under consideration. However, this study differed from others in that it attempted to include a much broader selection of informants than previous studies.

Essay on Internet Privacy - Carnivore May Threaten Privacy

Carnivore May Threaten Internet Privacy      Ã‚   Abstract: In 1999 the FBI launched a new tool, Carnivore, to help it conduct Internet surveillance on criminal suspects. The systems, which are installed directly on Internet Service Providers' networks, process and filter all data communication passing through. This is alarming privacy advocates.    The FBI now has the ability to monitor email through a network snooping scheme known as "Carnivore"i. Carnivore may be used as a surveillance mechanism in investigations by intercepting packets of data sent over the Internet. These data packets include private email sent back and forth between unsuspecting criminals, but may also include the regular law abiding citizen. Privacy advocates have not hesitated to publicly express their fear that Carnivore will give the FBI unlimited, unrestricted access to everyone's emailii. As we speak, Internet wiretapping is unchecked by the law, as it is not prohibited or allowed specifically.    Carnivore functions as an Internet wiretap, typically installed directly on the networks of Internet providers.   The system was dubbed Carnivore for its ability to get to "the meat" of what would otherwise be an enormous quantity of data. Like previous wiretap methods, it intercepts all digital communications and records sent to or from the target of an investigation.   Carnivore's specialty is that it can filter out irrelevant data such as online banking and web surfing, leaving only specific kinds of communications like e-mails. Furthermore, Carnivore only scans the identifying addresses in the 'to' and 'from' fields, not the entire content of electronics messages. The FBI likens it to looking at the front of an envelope.    Carnivore... ...politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT    vii "ACLU Needs 'Carnivore' Fix" by Chris Oakes Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT viii "ACLU Needs 'Carnivore' Fix" by Chris Oakes Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT ix "Telecoms miffed at FBI Meddling" by Declan McCullogh Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37448,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 8, 2000 PDT x "ACLU Needs 'Carnivore' Fix" by Chris Oakes Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT xi "FBI system covertly searches e-mail" By Neil King Jr. and Ted Bridis, WSJ Interactive Edition. http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1005-200-2245549.html July 11, 2000 6:01 AM PT

My Thoughts About Worldviews

A worldview, in my opinion, is the way you look at the world and how you see God; a worldview is a set of beliefs that directs the way you act. To determine your worldview, you must ask yourself a few questions. Some of these questions include: Who is God? Where did I come from? Why do I exist? What is my purpose in life? Answers in Genesis defines a worldview as â€Å"the overall perspective from which one sees and interprets the world. A worldview is a collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or a group. †[1] To make this definition easier to understand, I’ll use an analogy. A worldview is like a pair of glasses.If you get the right prescription, you’ll be able to see really clearly. If you get the wrong prescription, it could make your eyes worse and make everything blurry. Just like how the glasses make a big difference in your life, your worldview makes an even bigger difference. Your worldview influences the way you live and m ake choices. For example, the worldview can show how a teen could do their homework. If he was Christian and wanted to do everything for the glory of God, he would do his homework the best he could. If he was a Post-Modernist and wanted to please himself, he might not do his homework to do something â€Å"fun†.Having the right worldview is very important. The Christian worldview includes monotheism which is the belief in one God. Not only do Christians believe in a personal, knowable Creator but he believes in the Trinity. The Trinity is God being in three parts: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. To most people, this is very confusing because they don’t understand how God can be three in one. In this case, Christians go to heaven not because of their works but because of God’s grace. God displayed His grace when He died on the cross for us. Christians get most of their information from the Bible.This is the foundation for a Christian’s philosophy. Since Christians believe in God, their philosophy includes believing in the supernatural. As for the Christian view of metaphysics, one would go to John 1:1-4 for an answer: â€Å"All things were made by God. †[2] For their view of cosmology, they believe that there was no accident; God created the world with a purpose and it shows how great God is. Christian philosophers also believe the mind is a reflection of God, and that it is evidence of Him. Some great Christian philosophers are C. S. Lewis and Francis Schaeffer.A Christian’s ethic is grounded in the character of God, which is known because of the Bible. This is the reason why ethics goes hand in hand with theology. Christians do not have rules that differ for each person, instead, they have moral absolutes. This is â€Å"the belief that an absolute ethical standard exists for all individuals regardless of era or culture. †[3] As followers of Christ, Christians have a huge responsibility: â€Å". . . lov e the Lord your God with all you heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbor as yourself. [4] Jesus tells us to love our neighbor because loving your neighbor is like loving your Lord, and when we serve our neighbors, we’re serving Him. Biology, however, starts with the creation of the world in six literal days. The Bible states that â€Å". . . God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them. †[5] If you kept reading, you would find that God created the world with order, design, and purpose. Michael Behe, the author of Darwin’s Black Box, came up with the phrase â€Å"irreducible complexity. † A bacteria flagellum is irreducibly complex.This means that if the flagellum lost one of its parts, the flagellum would not work. This denies evolution by saying that the flagellum could not have evolved because it needed every part to work. â€Å"Th e biblical worldview is about viewing everything-our friendships, careers, property, environment, interaction, ultimate responsibilities, even our homework-the way God views it and talks about it in Scripture. †[6] Muslims believe in monotheism, just like Christians, but they believe in a different god. They believe that Allah is god and that Muhammad is his messenger.They do not think Allah is a knowable god and they do not believe in the Trinity. They do not believe in heaven but they believe in a paradise and to go there you must do a certain amount of good deeds. Also, Muslims must complete some tasks, often called pillars. These pillars include: confession, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, pilgrimage, and in some cases, jihad. Like Christians, Muslims have a book of scripture, called the Qur’an, written by Muhammad. Islam philosophy also believes in the supernatural because of Allah. Muslim philosophers, and some Christian philosophers, use the Kalam Cosmological Argum ent for the existence of God.Although Muslims do believe in miracles, Muhammad never performed any. This created some doubts but they still had faith in Muhammad. Some great Islamic philosophers are Ahmad and Yusif Ali Hammuda Abdalat. Like Christians, Muslims believe in moral absolutes. However, these absolutes come from Muhammad and the Qur’an (or Hadith), rather than Allah, because Muslims believe that Allah cannot be known. To help Muslims follow moral obligations, they follow the Five Pillars. Unlike Christians, Muslims are motivated to do good because of their fear of judgement.Another similarity with Christians and Muslims is the belief that a god created the earth with order, design, and purpose. Sometimes, there can be contradictions. Some Muslims think the earth was created in six days and others think it was eight days. Also, some think the days were ages instead of 24 hours. There is one big difference between Christians and Muslims: the fall of man. Muslims belie ve that man sinned but they do not believe that man was cursed. Secular Humanists believe in atheism. This means they do not believe in a god. God is not the only thing the Secular Humanists do not believe.They do not believe in Satan, angels, or souls. They think instead of God creating us, we created Him just like we created Santa Claus. Although they do not believe in a god, they still tolerate religions. Unlike Muslims and Christians, they do not believe in an afterlife. Books that are very popular among Secular Humanists are the Human Manifestos I, II, and III. Secular Humanist philosophy does not believe in the supernatural. They only believe in things that are made out of matter; this is also called naturalism. Since Secular Humanists don’t believe in the supernatural, they deny all miracles.Another problem for not believing in supernatural things is the mind and body problem. This is a problem because they do not believe in supernatural. Secular Humanists believe the mind is a â€Å"manifestation of the brain. †[7]If you do not believe in the supernatural, you could not think because it is not made of matter. Some famous Secular philosophers are Corliss Lamont and Carl Sagan. The ethics of a Secular Humanist is that everyone has their own ethics. Unlike in Christianity or Islam, Humanists avoid absolutes. Everyone chooses what is right by what they think is right or whatever fits the situation. This is also called moral relativism.Secular Humanists use reason to determine what is right or wrong. As for Secular Humanists, they believe in Neo-Darwinism. This is â€Å"the theory that new species were made from natural selection acting over vast periods of time on chance genetic mutations in reproductively isolated populations. †[8] They also believe in spontaneous generation and the big bang theory. Both of these ideas talk about how everything was made randomly without a god. Secular Humanists have six â€Å"planks† they hold their biology on: spontaneous generation, natural selection, struggle for existence, beneficial mutations, adaptations, and the fossil record.Marxists and Leninists, like Secular Humanists, are called scientific atheists. Unlike the secular humanists, they do not tolerate religion, they hate it and want to get rid of it! Karl Marx said that we created religion in order to worship ourselves. He said this but he also believes that we are gods so we should take reality and use to our liking. Like Secular Humanists, Marxists-Leninists do not believe in an afterlife. They believe the book related to Marxism-Leninism is the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxist-Leninist philosophy isn’t called naturalism or supernaturalism.It is called Dialectical Materialism. There is no god in this philosophy but they call many Christian attributes, dialectical matter. This means that something begins with a thesis. Eventually, an antithesis is made and then the thesis an d antithesis combine and make a synthesis. This process repeats many times. For a Marxist-Leninist, their epistemology has faith in science. Their view of metaphysics is that the earth is all that exists and the only thing that will exist. As for the mind/body problem, Marxists and Leninists think the mind is a reflection of matter and then it is translated into thought.Some famous Marxist-Leninist philosophers are Frederick Engels and Vladimir Lenin. Marxists-Leninists have a different kind of morality: proletariat morality. This is â€Å"the ethical belief that whatever advances the proletariat and the cause of communism is morally good and whatever hinders the proletariat or communism is morally evil. †[9] This is pretty much saying that people who are trying to get rid of the class system are good, and whoever is trying to interfere is evil. Marxists-Leninists also believe that morality is constantly changing. Lastly, Marxists-Leninists want a classless society, also call ed utilitarianism.They believe that if we have a classless society, we will all be considered moral. Like Secular Humanists, Marxists-Leninists believe in spontaneous generation but, contrary to Darwinism, they believe in punctuated evolution. This is â€Å"the theory of evolution that proposes that evolutionary changes occur over a relatively quick period of time, followed by periods of little to no evolutionary change. †[10] Cosmic Humanism is a little different than the worldviews we have talked about so far. Cosmic Humanists are not monotheists or atheists; they believe in pantheism.This means they believe everything is God (eg. nature and humans). Also, they do believe in an afterlife but they believe in reincarnation. Not only do you live after you are dead but you have had previous lives. For Cosmic Humanism, there is no book like other worldviews. In my opinion, I think they just look at movies. Cosmic Humanist philosophy is also different from previous philosophies. They believe everything is supernatural (non-naturalism). They also embrace Zen Buddhism. This is the belief that you can become enlightened through meditation and self-contemplation.A Cosmic Humanist’s ontology is, in a way, like a Marxist or a Secular Humanist. A Marxist/Secular Humanist believes everything is material and a Cosmic Humanist believes EVERYTHING is spiritual. As for their view of epistemology, they believe we need to get in touch with our higher self. Since we are all gods, Cosmic Humanists believe in truth relativity. This means, truth is whatever each person thinks it is. A couple of Cosmic Humanist philosophers are Joseph Campbell and Neale Donald Walsch. Out of all the ethical systems, the Cosmic Humanist’s is the easiest to understand.Since everyone is God, we all do good all the time. Everyone does what they feel is right so you can’t judge. This is another example of moral relativism. As for their system of justice, they believe in karma. They think that if you do good, good things will come but if you do bad, you will be punished for it. Cosmic Humanists believe in something very different. This is called cosmic evolution. Cosmic evolution is the idea that â€Å"all humanity is going toward a new age of higher consciousness. †[11] All Cosmic Humanists are trying to get into an age of higher consciousness and become gods.Also, they believe in the idea that all living things make up one, complex living organism ( The Gaia Hypothesis). Postmodernists are also atheists. Not only are they atheists but they believe in something called the â€Å"Death of God† theology. This is â€Å"a movement that was essentially promoting the idea that religion did not need to invoke ‘God’ in the area of theology. †[12] Something that is different from the other worldviews is that Postmodernists like to be ambiguous. They also believe there are no universal truths (relativism) so they, like Secular Huma nism, tolerate religion (pluralism).Finally, Postmodernists have a â€Å"trend† called emergent churches. It is a church that is incorporating Postmodernism into a Christian’s theology. Post-Modernists’ philosophy is called Anti-Realism. This means reality is anything a human can think up. Since a human can think up reality, a human can also have their own truth (subjective truth), and when they read something, it can mean whatever they want it to mean (deconstruction). Because a human can have their own truth and reality, there is no metaphysics, ontology, cosmology, or epistemology. Strangely, there are still influential philosophers.A couple of them are Jean-Francois Lyotard and Jacques Derrida. As for Postmodernists, they follow cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is â€Å"the belief that truth and morals are relative to one’s culture. †[13] Although they believe that Postmodernism is the best worldview, they still call it relative. Commun ity morals are determined by coercion and consensus. Like Marxists-Leninists, Postmodernists think morality evolves with society. Lastly, Post-Modernists affirms in punctuated evolution. They believe in evolution because they like the idea that man is insignificant and because they like the thought of chance.

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